Numerical Study of Braiding Channels Formation

Water Qualit

Accounting for flexible vegetation into a 2D hydrodynamic and morphodynamic model (Telemac2D/Sisyphe)

Water Qualit

Statistical Modelling of Sediment Supply in Torrent Catchments of the Northern French Alps

The ability to understand and predict sediment transport in torrent catchments is a key element for the protection and prevention against the associated hazards. In this study, we collected data describing sediment supply at 100 torrential catchments in the Northern French Alps. These catchments have long records of past events and sediment supply due to debris deposition basin management enabling estimation of sediment supply frequency. The mean annual, the 10-year return period and the reference volume (i.e. the 100-year return level or the largest observed volume) of sediment supply were derived for studied torrents. We examined the relationships between sediment supply volumes and several explanatory variables using multivariate statistical analyses. Several predictive models were developed in order to estimate the sediment supply in torrents that are not equipped with sedimentation structures

Temperature control on CO2 emissions from the weathering of sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary rocks can release carbon dioxide (CO2) during the weathering of rock organic carbon and sulfide minerals. This sedimentary carbon could act as a feedback on Earth’s climate over millennial to geological timescales, yet the environmental controls on the CO2 release from rocks are poorly constrained. Here, we directly measure CO2 flux from weathering of sedimentary rocks over 2.5 years at the Draix-Bléone Critical Zone Observatory, France. Total CO2 fluxes approached values reported for soil respiration, with radiocarbon analysis confirming the CO2 source from rock organic carbon and carbonate. The measured CO2 fluxes varied seasonally, with summer fluxes five times larger than winter fluxes, and were positively correlated with temperature. The CO2 release from rock organic carbon oxidation increased by a factor of 2.2 when temperature increased by 10 °C. This temperature sensitivity is similar to that of degradation of recent-plant-derived organic matter in soils. Our flux measurements identify sedimentary-rock weathering as a positive feedback to warming, which may have operated throughout Earth’s history to force the surface carbon cycle

Measuring, modelling and managing gully erosion at large scales: A state of the art

Soil erosion is generally recognized as the dominant process of land degradation. The formation and expansion of gullies is often a highly significant process of soil erosion. However, our ability to assess and simulate gully erosion and its impacts remains very limited. This is especially so at regional to continental scales. As a result, gullying is often overlooked in policies and land and catchment management strategies. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made over the past decades. Based on a review of >590 scientific articles and policy documents, we provide a state-of-the-art on our ability to monitor, model and manage gully erosion at regional to continental scales. In this review we discuss the relevance and need of assessing gully erosion at regional to continental scales (Section 1); current methods to monitor gully erosion as well as pitfalls and opportunities to apply them at larger scales (section 2); field-based gully erosion research conducted in Europe and European Russia (section 3); model approaches to simulate gully erosion and its contribution to catchment sediment yields at large scales (section 4); data products that can be used for such simulations (section 5); and currently existing policy tools and needs to address the problem of gully erosion (section 6). Section 7 formulates a series of recommendations for further research and policy development, based on this review. While several of these sections have a strong focus on Europe, most of our findings and recommendations are of global significance.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

C9ORF72 knockdown triggers FTD-like symptoms and cell pathology in mice

The GGGGCC intronic repeat expansion within C9ORF72 is the most common genetic cause of ALS and FTD. This mutation results in toxic gain of function through accumulation of expanded RNA foci and aggregation of abnormally translated dipeptide repeat proteins, as well as loss of function due to impaired transcription of C9ORF72. A number of in vivo and in vitro models of gain and loss of function effects have suggested that both mechanisms synergize to cause the disease. However, the contribution of the loss of function mechanism remains poorly understood. We have generated C9ORF72 knockdown mice to mimic C9-FTD/ALS patients haploinsufficiency and investigate the role of this loss of function in the pathogenesis. We found that decreasing C9ORF72 leads to anomalies of the autophagy/lysosomal pathway, cytoplasmic accumulation of TDP-43 and decreased synaptic density in the cortex. Knockdown mice also developed FTD-like behavioral deficits and mild motor phenotypes at a later stage. These findings show that C9ORF72 partial loss of function contributes to the damaging events leading to C9-FTD/ALS

Generation of a Novel Regulatory NK Cell Subset from Peripheral Blood CD34+ Progenitors Promoted by Membrane-Bound IL-15

BACKGROUND: NK cells have been long time considered as cytotoxic lymphocytes competent in killing virus-infected cells and tumors. However, NK cells may also play essential immuno-regulatory functions. In this context, the real existence of a defined NK subset with negative regulatory properties has been hypothesized but never clearly demonstrated. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Herein, we show the in vitro generation from human peripheral blood haematopoietic progenitors (PB-HP), of a novel subset of non-cytolytic NK cells displaying a mature phenotype and remarkable immuno-regulatory functions (NK-ireg). The main functional hallmark of these NK-ireg cells is represented by the surface expression/release of HLA-G, a major immunosuppressive molecule. In addition, NK-ireg cells secrete two powerful immuno-regulatory factors: IL-10 and IL-21. Through these factors, NK-ireg cells act as effectors of the down-regulation of the immune response: reconverting mature myeloid DC (mDC) into immature/tolerogenic DC, blocking cytolytic functions on conventional NK cells and inducing HLA-G membrane expression on PB-derived monocytes. The generation of "NK-ireg" cells is obtained, by default, in culture conditions favouring cell-to-cell contacts, and it is strictly dependent on reciprocal trans-presentation of membrane-bound IL-15 forms constitutively and selectively expressed by human CD34(+) PB-HP. Finally, a small subset of NKp46(+) HLA-G(+) IL-10(+) is detected within freshly isolated decidual NK cells, suggesting that these cells could represent an in vivo counterpart of the NK-ireg cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: In conclusion, NK-ireg cells represent a novel truly differentiated non-cytolytic NK subset with a self-sustainable phenotype (CD56(+) CD16(+) NKp30(+) NKp44(+) NKp46(+) CD94(+) CD69(+) CCR7(+)) generated from specific pSTAT6(+) GATA3(+) precursors. NK-ireg cells could be employed to develop new immuno-suppressive strategies in autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection or graft versus host diseases. In addition, NK-ireg cells can be easily derived from peripheral blood of the patients and could constitute an autologous biotherapic tool to be used combined or in alternative to other immuno-regulatory cells

Relationship of Weather Types on the Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Rainfall, Runoff, and Sediment Yield in the Western Mediterranean Basin

Rainfall is the key factor to understand soil erosion processes, mechanisms, and rates. Most research was conducted to determine rainfall characteristics and their relationship with soil erosion (erosivity) but there is little information about how atmospheric patterns control soil losses, and this is important to enable sustainable environmental planning and risk prevention. We investigated the temporal and spatial variability of the relationships of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield with atmospheric patterns (weather types, WTs) in the western Mediterranean basin. For this purpose, we analyzed a large database of rainfall events collected between 1985 and 2015 in 46 experimental plots and catchments with the aim to: (i) evaluate seasonal differences in the contribution of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield produced by the WTs; and (ii) to analyze the seasonal efficiency of the different WTs (relation frequency and magnitude) related to rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield. The results indicate two different temporal patterns: the first weather type exhibits (during the cold period: autumn and winter) westerly flows that produce the highest rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield values throughout the territory; the second weather type exhibits easterly flows that predominate during the warm period (spring and summer) and it is located on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. However, the cyclonic situations present high frequency throughout the whole year with a large influence extended around the western Mediterranean basin. Contrary, the anticyclonic situations, despite of its high frequency, do not contribute significantly to the total rainfall, runoff, and sediment (showing the lowest efficiency) because of atmospheric stability that currently characterize this atmospheric pattern. Our approach helps to better understand the relationship of WTs on the seasonal and spatial variability of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield with a regional scale based on the large dataset and number of soil erosion experimental stations.Spanish Government (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MINECO) and FEDER Projects: CGL2014 52135-C3-3-R, ESP2017-89463-C3-3-R, CGL2014-59946-R, CGL2015-65569-R, CGL2015-64284-C2-2-R, CGL2015-64284-C2-1-R, CGL2016-78075-P, GL2008-02879/BTE, LEDDRA 243857, RECARE-FP7, CGL2017-83866-C3-1-R, and PCIN-2017-061/AEI. Dhais Peña-Angulo received a “Juan de la Cierva” postdoctoral contract (FJCI-2017-33652 Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MEC). Ana Lucia acknowledge the "Brigitte-Schlieben-Lange-Programm". The “Geoenvironmental Processes and Global Change” (E02_17R) was financed by the Aragón Government and the European Social Fund. José Andrés López-Tarazón acknowledges the Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Department of the Economy and Knowledge of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia for supporting the Consolidated Research Group 2014 SGR 645 (RIUS- Fluvial Dynamics Research Group). Artemi Cerdà thank the funding of the OCDE TAD/CRP JA00088807. José Martínez-Fernandez acknowledges the project Unidad de Excelencia CLU-2018-04 co-funded by FEDER and Castilla y León Government. Ane Zabaleta is supported by the Hydro-Environmental Processes consolidated research group (IT1029-16, Basque Government). This paper has the benefit of the Lab and Field Data Pool created within the framework of the COST action CONNECTEUR (ES1306)

Degradation of marly sediments and hyperconcentrated flows

Sur les bassins versants des Terres Noires, les sédiments marneux sont dégradés très rapidement. Les matériaux fins ainsi produits peuvent être à l'origine d'épisodes de crues très concentrées (800~g/L). La première partie de cette thèse traite des processus responsables de la production de sédiments fins. Ces processus adviennent à deux échelles de temps : A long-terme, entre les périodes de crues, les matériaux du lit exposés aux intempéries sont altérés sous l'effet de cycles gel/dégel et humectation/dessication. Pour quantifier cette vitesse d'altération, les données climatiques de Draix sont combinées à des expériences sur la sensibilité des marnes aux alternances de température et d'humidité. A court-terme, pendant les crues, les matériaux charriés sont soumis à l'abrasion et à la fragmentation sous l'effet de sollicitations mécaniques. Des expériences en canal circulaire permettent de quantifier la dégradation pendant les crues. On montre finalement qu'il est indispensable de considérer ces deux échelles de temps pour rendre compte de la vitesse de dégradation totale observée dans les lits. Pour étudier plus en détail la dégradation mécanique pendant les crues, on investigue l'effet de la fragmentation et de l'abrasion à l'échelle d'un caillou par l'intermédiaire de simulations numériques avec la méthode des éléments discrets et d'expériences de fragmentation. Les propriétés de rupture de la marne ainsi obtenues sont ensuite intégrées dans une modélisation de l'évolution d'une distribution granulométrique sous l'effet de la fragmentation et de l'abrasion. Les résultats indiquent que la fragmentation et l'abrasion sont également importantes mais que l'efficacité de la fragmentation décroît au cours de la sollicitation. Dans une seconde partie, on étudie le comportement d'une suspension de sédiments fins de marnes, et l'influence de la concentration sur son écoulement. Cette étude est basée sur des mesures de rhéométrie et sur des expériences d'écoulement en laboratoire pour différentes configurations de pente, débit, rugosité, concentration. Les expériences mettent en évidence une transition vers un comportement non-newtonien à forte concentration (au-delà de 600 g/L). Ceci se traduit notamment par un ralentissement de l'écoulement associé à l'apparition d'une zone de "plug" non-cisaillée L'écoulement devient alors laminaire et le frottement augmente fortement. Ce changement de comportement sur le terrain peut être une source d'erreurs non négligeable dans l'estimation des débits lors des crues chargées.On the Terres Noires marly catchments, downstream fining patterns and high concentrations of suspended sediments (up to 800 g/L) are observed. The present work is organised in two parts. The first part investigates the processes that are involved in the production of fine sediments. Such processes occur at two different time scales: At a monthly scale, between the floods, bed sediments are exposed to weathering due to frost/thaw and wetting/drying alternations. The rate of such long-term processes is estimated using climatic data and experiments on marly pebbles. At the smaller time scale of a flood (a few minutes), bedload sediments are subject to abrasion and fragmentation due to mechanical loading. The rate of this short-term process is quantified by performing experiments in an annular flume device. Eventually, we show that both short and long-term processes are necessary to explain the field observed degradation rates. To study more in detail the mechanical degradation at the pebble scale, numerical simulations of friction and impact loading are performed with the Discrete Element Methods, as well as fragmentation experiments on marl. The resulting rupture properties of marl are therefore incorporated into a new model that describes the evolution of the grain-size distribution of sediments. The model shows that fragmentation and abrasion are both involved and that the efficiency of fragmentation decreases. The second part of the work is focused on the behaviour of a suspension of fine marly sediments, and on the influence of the concentration on such flow. This study is based on rheometer measurements and flume experiments at various slopes, discharges, flume roughnesses and concentrations. These experiments demonstrate that the fluid behaviour becomes non-newtonian at high concentrations (above 600 g/L). This creates an unsheared plug zone that slows the flow down. The flow may therefore become laminar with a high friction coefficient. With such a change in the fluid behaviour, the method used in the field for discharge estimation will not work anymore for highly concentrated floods

Dégradation des sédiments marneux et suspensions hyperconcentrées

On the Terres Noires marly catchments, downstream fining patterns and high concentrations of suspended sediments (up to 800 g/L) are observed. The present work is organised in two parts. The first part investigates the processes that are involved in the production of fine sediments. Such processes occur at two different time scales: At a monthly scale, between the floods, bed sediments are exposed to weathering due to frost/thaw and wetting/drying alternations. The rate of such long-term processes is estimated using climatic data and experiments on marly pebbles. At the smaller time scale of a flood (a few minutes), bedload sediments are subject to abrasion and fragmentation due to mechanical loading. The rate of this short-term process is quantified by performing experiments in an annular flume device. Eventually, we show that both short and long-term processes are necessary to explain the field observed degradation rates. To study more in detail the mechanical degradation at the pebble scale, numerical simulations of friction and impact loading are performed with the Discrete Element Methods, as well as fragmentation experiments on marl. The resulting rupture properties of marl are therefore incorporated into a new model that describes the evolution of the grain-size distribution of sediments. The model shows that fragmentation and abrasion are both involved and that the efficiency of fragmentation decreases. The second part of the work is focused on the behaviour of a suspension of fine marly sediments, and on the influence of the concentration on such flow. This study is based on rheometer measurements and flume experiments at various slopes, discharges, flume roughnesses and concentrations. These experiments demonstrate that the fluid behaviour becomes non-newtonian at high concentrations (above 600 g/L). This creates an unsheared plug zone that slows the flow down. The flow may therefore become laminar with a high friction coefficient. With such a change in the fluid behaviour, the method used in the field for discharge estimation will not work anymore for highly concentrated floods.Sur les bassins versants des Terres Noires, les sédiments marneux sont dégradés très rapidement. Les matériaux fins ainsi produits peuvent être à l'origine d'épisodes de crues très concentrées (800~g/L). La première partie de cette thèse traite des processus responsables de la production de sédiments fins. Ces processus adviennent à deux échelles de temps : A long-terme, entre les périodes de crues, les matériaux du lit exposés aux intempéries sont altérés sous l'effet de cycles gel/dégel et humectation/dessication. Pour quantifier cette vitesse d'altération, les données climatiques de Draix sont combinées à des expériences sur la sensibilité des marnes aux alternances de température et d'humidité. A court-terme, pendant les crues, les matériaux charriés sont soumis à l'abrasion et à la fragmentation sous l'effet de sollicitations mécaniques. Des expériences en canal circulaire permettent de quantifier la dégradation pendant les crues. On montre finalement qu'il est indispensable de considérer ces deux échelles de temps pour rendre compte de la vitesse de dégradation totale observée dans les lits. Pour étudier plus en détail la dégradation mécanique pendant les crues, on investigue l'effet de la fragmentation et de l'abrasion à l'échelle d'un caillou par l'intermédiaire de simulations numériques avec la méthode des éléments discrets et d'expériences de fragmentation. Les propriétés de rupture de la marne ainsi obtenues sont ensuite intégrées dans une modélisation de l'évolution d'une distribution granulométrique sous l'effet de la fragmentation et de l'abrasion. Les résultats indiquent que la fragmentation et l'abrasion sont également importantes mais que l'efficacité de la fragmentation décroît au cours de la sollicitation. Dans une seconde partie, on étudie le comportement d'une suspension de sédiments fins de marnes, et l'influence de la concentration sur son écoulement. Cette étude est basée sur des mesures de rhéométrie et sur des expériences d'écoulement en laboratoire pour différentes configurations de pente, débit, rugosité, concentration. Les expériences mettent en évidence une transition vers un comportement non-newtonien à forte concentration (au-delà de 600 g/L). Ceci se traduit notamment par un ralentissement de l'écoulement associé à l'apparition d'une zone de "plug" non-cisaillée L'écoulement devient alors laminaire et le frottement augmente fortement. Ce changement de comportement sur le terrain peut être une source d'erreurs non négligeable dans l'estimation des débits lors des crues chargées